Understanding Hamas Violent Terrorism as Political Strategy

Understanding Hamas: Violent Terrorism as Political Strategy Introduction Kydd and Walter (2006:50) assert that violent terrorism is effective as a political strategy because it causes governments and individuals to respond in ways that aid the terrorists cause. For Hamas, violence against civilians for political aims does play a role in its political strategy. However, violence in and of itself is not the ultimate aim of the organization. Formed in 1987 during the Palestinian uprising (the Intifada), Hamas exists as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, which, according to the United States National Counterterrorism Center (2013), aims at erecting a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders with Jerusalem as its capital. Because Israel also desires to claim Jerusalem as its capital and has shown itself eager to expand its own boundaries, violent conflict has ensued between the people of Palestine and the people of Israel. This paper will discuss the role which political violence plays in Hamas political strategy. By applying the Kydd and Walter strategies of terrorism framework alongside an analysis of the tensions between war and peaceful democratic participation, one may see why Hamas views terrorism as a necessary component in its strategic quest for statehood. The Terror Strategy It is Kydd and Walters claim that there are five basic strategies underlying terrorist activity. In no essential order, the strategies are: 1) the attrition strategy, throughShow MoreRelatedDomestic Terrorism And International Terrorism1939 Words   |  8 Pagesfor CJ 3340: Domestic Terrorism vs. International Terrorism Paul A. 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Organizational Goals And Customer Expectations - 1475 Words

There are six (6) competencies that every result driven employee must obtain in order to meet organizational goals and customer expectations. They are: accountability, customer service, decisiveness, entrepreneurship, problem solving and technical credibility. Accountability is one’s ability to hold her and other accountable for noticeable supremacy, profitable results in a timely matter. To be successful at accountability one must set priorities, establish objectives, delegate work, admit when one makes an oversight, obeys with company guidelines. Customer service is a requirement for internal and external customers; one must anticipate and meet both their needs while delivering high-quality merchandise and assistances. A continuous improvement is a requirement for customer service. Decisiveness will help one make an effective and educated, but timely decision regardless of the amount of data available or if one’s decision has unfavorable consequences. Distinguishes th e possible impact and implications of one’s choices. Entrepreneurship will assist with a successful future with the organization by pinpointing new opportunities. Assistances with building the organization by developing or improving existing merchandise or services. Entrepreneurship will take computed possibilities to achieve organizational objectives. Problem solving will assist in identifying and analyzing possible problems, calculate and produce alternative results, consider the significance andShow MoreRelatedTotal Quality Management Theory1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Most organizational management theories descend either from Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory or from Elton Mayo s human relations model. Total Quality Management (TQM) theory grew out of existing organizational management theories, in part, as a response to the problems in those theories. Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran are most responsible for the development of TQM. 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Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece Free Essays

As I began reading this book, I found that it is amazing how so many historians whether they may be researching Grecian history or any other country. It seems that they all or the majority has different opinions on their findings. Therefore, it puzzles me to what is fable and what is fact. We will write a custom essay sample on Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now In many cases, some things are yet to be seen. Even the ancients them selves seem to be uncertain. Even through glimpses of links connecting them with there past. They to argued about what was fact and what was fable. It appears that the country Helene that in imitation of the Romans came to be known as Hellas, we now call India. I found it amazing how the progress of time came through the names of the following. Originally the city Thessaly built by Hellen son of Deucalion; next Phthiotis, Thessaly, all of Greece except of Peloponnesos, sometimes of Macedonia, now thessaly it self sometimes of Epeirous, and then all of Greece was within Aegean, and all these countries were inhabited by Greeks. It would appear that the most annuitant Pelosgia left from the race whose first people occupied that part of Europe. There does seem to be one fact established that the Hellenes were not the first who occupied Greece they came after a number of tribes of the Pelasgion origin. No one really knows there are many arguments about this as well. I found it funny or odd that these discussions would be dismissed when an agreement could be met; however they would easily remove the difficulty by coming to an agreement by inventing a hero or demigod that suited everyone’s purpose. So as earlier mentioned, from Hellen they agreed on the name of Hellenes, also Heracleidae came to be known as Heracles and Ionians as Ion; and Pelasgos the son of Zeus. Up to this point, there was little information to guide us, although there was always light poetry that dawned around them. Although historians tell us there were, facts that couldn’t be ignored such as the Thoacians being entirely of Pelasgian origin. Also, the Macedonians were plainly of the same stock as with the Thracians. It is obvious that there were many tribes and even different denominations and it seems to me that they all came from or descended from the same race. This brings me to the characteristics of the Greeks. As I have read this too if one would think long, enough about it how even our characteristics of today are not so different from a time long ago. When poetry places them before us, it is profound for the divinity and everything connected with service of religion. Gods and men moved together over the earth cooperated in bringing about events. Although we as a whole worship one God instead of many; history shows us in many ways it has had to take men and God in bringing about events whether it be by what some call faith, and like history books some must have had it proven to them. As for the Greek’s keeping up with a constant interchange of beneficence the Gods aiding the mortal repaying his aid with gratitude an example of this was the mortal submitting to the Gods guidance and to be directed. Sometimes as in the case of Odysseus and Athena, the feeling of grace and favor on the one side and of veneration and gratitude on the other was unexpected. Don’t we in some since expect the same from our prayers? By that I mean give gratitude to our God and by giving offering each Sunday, isn’t this also a way we give gratitude for what God has done for us. I found it amazing as I read how much a like in characteristics we are in the twenty first century to our ancestors who lived so many years ago. Many of us today are very merciful and caring for the poor. The Greeks also had a high respect for their elders. I also found it extremely fascinating that the Greeks had believed that parents held or had no right to any type of higher honor. People who were blessed with children were regarded as instruments by which God had communicated the mysterious and sacred gift of life. These people actually believed the parents were supposed by their children to be forever invested with a high degree of sanctity as ministers and representatives of the creator. Hence, the anxiety experienced to obtain a Father’s blessing and the indescribable dread of his curse. A peculiar set of events, the terrible Erin’s, all but implacable and unsparing were entrusted with the guardianship of parent’s rights. Now, I can’t help but think about how the Greeks felt toward friendship almost as if their friendships were more important than the wonderful blessing of parenting. Not that friendship is not extremely important especially true friendship, but nothing is more precious than the gift of being blessed with a child. The Greeks adored friendship between two men. There is no evidence shown in any other country’s history or traditions so many examples of this virtue as in those of the Greeks. In Greece, these people felt that when two men became friends it was more important than a marriage between a man and wife. The friendship through their eyes was as one they were completely united as one. They were like twins, what one felt the other felt. Their thoughts were the same. One did not have and independent thought, if one was slashed than the other as well. They had the same opinions. They faced adventures, dangers, absolutely everything together, even death. As peculiar as I personally may find their friendships to be, I find it also peculiar of the configuration and productions. This was considered the most remarkable feature in Greece consisting in great many varieties of forms, which its surface assumes in the territories of the numerous states into which the country was divided. Of these, two resemble each other, whether in physical structure, climate, or production. It is said that the general atmosphere of Greece is mild, but not in every part. Greece is known to be one of the most beautiful places in the world. They have palm trees and the myrtle flourishes in sight of the pine. Greece is known to have tropical birds of beauty that can not be found any other place in the world. Although they do have storms frequently with what we might say is giant sized hail there is also eternal snow. In Macedonia, it is known to be rocky and bold. Speaking about the beauty of Greece and it’s surroundings a person can not help but think of Athens and Sprat, which are known to be representatives of Greece when it came to education. I can not help but think of what Apollo once commanded. If the citizen wanted respect and intelligent children, they must put what is most beautiful in the ears of their sons. They bored one of the lobes and inserted a gold earring. Those people who wore a gold earring would become good men and be preservers of the country. Whatever education had to give was also to be given to every citizen. With education mentioned, I must mention of what I read about the children, their birth, as well as the women who gave birth. The care of the children was taken care of even before they were born. The mothers were actually given rules while they were pregnant, although as I read many things women were made to do are what women today choose to do, such as eating certain foods and exercising. Wine was prohibited and only water was the drink allowed by the expecting mother. I for one did not drink wine when I was pregnant either and I still drink a great deal of water. During the period of a woman’s pregnancy she was believed to have been watched over and protected by the goddess Eileithyia, who was considered the mother of love. Newborn infants in Greece bathed in cold water. In Sparta, they bathed in wine. In Athens, newborn children were laid on golden amulets in the form of dragons, which were supposed to commemorate Athena’s delivery of Erichthonios to the care of the two guardians. Under certain circumstances, instead of joy and gladness, the birth of a child was, as in Thrice, and event of sorrow and misery. It supposedly announced the fact of an approaching enemy. I find it extraordinary that when it came to education the Greeks atlas tried to educate the poor as well as the wealthy in one form or another, but when it came to the birth of the poor woman’s child she many times would be driven to despair. Therefore, her hands would be filled with the blood of her child, with many boogies and rejoicing. On the fifth day from birth, a ceremony took place, which was called amphdromia. The child was named usually until about the tenth day, this was because if an infant was going to die they believed it would be within ten days. The child was usually named according to what derived from some circumstance that had been going on around the time of conception or the birth. For example, thus Mariposa, Homer being born away from Apollo attained the name of Halcyon, was inconsolable for the loss of her baby. Of course when we mention children we have to think about what on earth kinds of toys did the children have and what kind of games did they play? I found it interesting that some played with a rattle that was actually made from that of a rattlesnake. Some had little chariots built by their slaves of course these were probably the richer children. Boys when able would pretend they were at war. In Greece as everywhere else education took place in the nursery. At birth a child was furnished with ideas in his mind, as his intelligence would seem to strengthen the five sluices, which let in, as they believed to be all the flood of knowledge, this afterwards overflows his mind. Most education consists of observing the child. A most important part of the education for the boys consisted of physical discipline. Whether it was started by the men for lack of something to do, instead of going to war in a far off place, or as a tribute to the Gods gymnastics played an important role in every boy’s education. It was discouraged for a boy or a young man to make a profession of gymnastics, because as a warrior this person could not go very long without water or food. Although they were huge in stature and had enormous strength, they were susceptible to fatal attacks from disease if they departed form their usual habits and regime. It seems that dance also played an important part of gymnastics routine. In Athens, it was a mark of illiberal education to be ignorant of the various forms of dancing. It was considered an absolute necessity by all Greeks to excel in the accomplishment of dance. Whether it was for the preparation for the performance or the learning of the movements to help in battle dace was widely accepted as much as any religious right. The Cretans, the Spartans, the Thessalians, and the Boeotians held this division of gymnastics in particular honor, chiefly with an outlook to war. The Athenians and Ionians most generally contemplated it more as a means of developing the beauty of the form, and conferring ease and elegance on the motion and display Its really becomes clear in this chapter of the book that the Olympic games both winter and summer, track and field, and inside games were started by the ancient Greeks. I never really understood their importance until now, I knew they had a lot to do with the creation of the games, but it seems they covered all the bases. They prepared them selves for war they were fulfilling their duties as citizens and at the same time brought to perfection their strength, their vigor, and their manly beauty. They also knew that a healthy body created a healthy mind and improved learning performance. The healthy body was of great use during the hunt. The chase would often last for hours or days. To herdsman and shepherds, it was an occupation to them. The highly learned and educated often hunted for the fun of the chase, while the poorer population hunted for food and clothing from their kills. Dogs or hounds were often used in the chase or hunt, and many great fables of that time were of fearless dogs that in the presence of their master would even attack a lion. Their use of camouflage and knowledge of traps and snares was used extensively for they were very intense hunters. It seems to me that a lot of their hunting skills came from education and enrichment of their athletic abilities and they were able to use what they had learned in the gymnasium or on the field to track or hunt their game. Last but certainly not least in the education of the young was philosophy and poetry it was even considered a branch of the field sports and was enjoyed rather than studied. They were taken to small amounts of material and would go over and over it to let it sink in rather than to learn large amount of knowledge that they might soon forget. Philosophy in Greece comprehended religion, and to be religious was to act justly, benevolently, mercifully towards men, humbly and reverent toward God. It was necessary to possess knowledge of the whole theory of ethics, since virtue in their opinions was incompatible with ignorance. They believed like I do that if a man is a moral being he is accountable to the laws of God and his country and his duties to that country. And as in all free states (I thought this was a powerful statement) reasoning and persuasion, not blind will and brute force are the instruments of government. As I end this report, I can’t end it without giving my feelings about what I have read. In my opinion, I found this book overwhelming at times. Many words as in emotions came to me as I read it. How to cite Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, Papers

Literature Review on Relationship Between Gender and Luxury Brand

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Review on Relationship Between Gender and Luxury Brand. Answer: Introduction A literature review is prepared with the use of secondary sources such as books, journals, and research articles. The section of literature review emphasizes on identifying the relationship between gender and luxury brand. Review of Sources Luxury fashion labels have been continuously breaking the traditions, bending the rules of gendered dressing through innovative designs and marketing tactics(Amatulli et al. 2017). Apparently, women tend to have the positive attitude towards branded and luxury products as compared to men. In most of the markets and product categories, the price for female products is significantly higher as compared to their male counterparts. However, on the other hand, there is a direct relationship between age of women and awareness of luxury products. Most of the people use luxury products so as to show the status symbol(Sun, D'Alessandro Johnson 2016). Therefore, branded and luxury products are typically brought at the marketplace for only those people who have the ability to afford it. Moving on the interest of male in branded products, luxury items are considered as perceptual(Young Combs 2016). Hence, men consider it as a disposable income that is clubbed with psychographic and demographic influences and at the same time, it also drives discretionary spending. Luxury industries are overtaking the market place, and this also leads to significant transformation. For instance- in last few years Indian luxury industry has witnessed much more success because of the richness of the families(Chakraborty Sheppard 2016). It is also identified that India is transforming into a larger market especially for luxury goods. Furthermore, according to historical perspective, the market has witnessed the vigorous growth of around 20% in the year 2009 which reached up to USD 5.75 billion in the year 2010(Gil et al. 2017). Afterwards, in the year 2012, luxury products have grown more to 29% which reached to USD 2 billion. Thus, it is evident that luxury industries are growing because of the increasing trend of using luxury products among people. In Indian market as well, women tend to have such purchase behavior in which chief consideration is given towards luxury and branded products(Taylor, Costello Ko 2016). The scenario of luxury market has been changing since luxury products display functional utility. This is the reason which drives people to purchase branded items on greater extent. There is a direct relationship between age and luxury products which attracts customers towards diverse products and services(Sjostrom, Corsi Lockshin 2016). Currently, youngsters are the targeted customers for luxury products and services. Youngsters are highly conscious about their status and appearance; henceforth they prefer to use luxury products. Luxury products not only include apparels, but also it comprises all fashionable accessories. Male and female both use a variety of products and according to the necessities; fashionable outlets bring innovation and creativity to the products(Young Combs 2016). In luxury market, women tend to have a preference of using branded handbags not because of quality perspective, but also due to quality aspect. Luxury products are highly in demand, and people have diverse motives of consuming the same types of items. However, on the other hand, men seem to use luxury products more in apparels and footwear because of the lifecycle of the products(El Hazzouri, Main Shabgard 2016). People have a common perception that branded products have a longer lifespan; hence this has become one of the major reasons for using luxury items. This factor greatly influences the demand for luxury and branded products in both male and female segments. Research done by Srinivasan and et al. (2015), defines the role of women perception towards luxury and branded products. The most common example can be quoted here is a use of branded handbags. Women between the age of 25-45 are highly concerned about their status symbol especially because of social life(Srinivasan Srivastava 2015). Apparently, luxury brand companies are targeting women by comprehending the factors that drive customers to buy branded products and items. However, here it can be said that men and women both have different opinion and perception about branded products. Purchase behavior of women keeps on changing on the frequent basis which drives branded companies to facilitate innovation and creativity in products and services(Lado et al. 2016). Branded companies focus more on meeting the needs and demands of customers; therefore this requires greater emphasis on quality and creative products. Brands do not compromise with quality, and this is the core reason which helps branded companies to persuade a large number of customers(Armitage Sekhon 2017). Quality is the main factor that changes the perception of people and which also facilitates word of mouth publicity among people. Use of luxury products is more common in youngsters because they keep themselves aware of latest trend coming in the market place. As compared to women, men are becoming much conscious about their appearance which drives them to purchase luxury items. Moreover, comparatively men shop less than to women; hence due to one-time shopping, they prefer to get only quality items. Peer pressure is yet another factor that significantly changes the need of people, and it also enhances demand for luxury items. This happens chiefly in women; hence they tend to depict their preference in branded products only. For instance- social life of women drives them to showcase more about their accessories and apparels(Gil et al. 2017). Contrary to this, most often women who are unable to purchase branded products, also save money to purchase branded items. Supporting the fact, it can also be said that men also prefer to use branded products when they are much concerned about physical appearance. Alongside, due to peer pressure, their opinion about branded products changes and as a result, it leads to purchasing of the final product(Sun, D'Alessandro Johnson 2016). Nonetheless, physical attractiveness enhances demand for luxury brands; hence luxury consumers can be differentiated by their attitudes towards luxury items. However, here it can be stated that luxury consumption is different with that to luxury affection and most often people purchase luxury products because of affection towards that product(Chakraborty Sheppard 2016). Aside from clothing context, it is also analyzed that women also possess a positive attitude towards luxury brands as compared to men considering the product categories of perfumes and wrist watches. However, yet now results are inconsistent especially while comparing attitude towards luxury and non-luxury products. Henceforth, it can be argued that as per the category of products, the perception of men and women changes towards luxury items(Yang et al. 2016). However, it can also be contended that international brands have been trying to acquire the attention of local customers; hence multiple brands are coming in the domestic market. To support the above discussion, it can be articulated that luxury is the unusual intellectual or emotional pleasure that is derived from some specific product(Lado et al. 2016). People usually enjoy the most expensive items because of their comfort and satisfaction level, and this makes them habitual as well to use the same sort of product on a consistent basis(El Hazzouri, Main Shabgard 2016). Brand gives an identity to the consumers; hence they get more attention from others. This is one of the prime reasons that lead men and women to go for luxury items. Luxury products are the ones who have the higher ratio of price quality. In addition to the same, luxury goods are more in demand because consumer feels more valued. Innovation is more common in luxury products which aid retailers to grab the attention of a maximum number of customers(Shin, Eastman Mothersbaugh 2017). Buying habits of consumers changes frequently and according to brand awareness, people prefer more to purchase luxury goods. However, income is one of the common forces that drive and encourages people to enhance the spending on luxury items. Majority of people find a positive relationship between branded products and customer satisfaction; therefore this proposition helps marketers to emphasize on luxury items. By gender difference, retailers come up with different variants in luxury product categories(Taylor, Costello Ko 2016). In addition to the same, it is also analyzed that rapid transformation in fashionable items changes the perception of customers and this continuously increases the worth of luxury products. Moreover, luxury retail has been a fascinating journey from a socio-economic perspective, and it drives the interest of global customers as well. Profoundly, branded products are more in demand because retailers advertise the items on greater extent which generates more demand(Sandhu Paim 2016). Nowadays, as compared to local products, customers prefer to purchase luxury items because that enhances the degree of satisfaction. Contrary to this, it can be contended that luxury is more about the experience rather than financial value. The need for personal gratification and aspirations has encouraged people to make life better and easy. Therefore, for the purpose of improving living standard, people are emphasizing more on use of exclusive products(Amatulli et al. 2017). Apparently, consumers use branded products because they want to be recognized. If a brand can fulfill such need, customers find the change successful. Specifying about men, it is ascertained that variety in branded items drives them more towards luxury goods and at the same time it also amends their social status. Consumer buying behaviors are based on satisfying needs, and this also brings substantial benefits to the end users(Shin, Eastman Mothersbaugh 2017). People have more disposable income as compared to an earlier generation; hence they give huge preference to their needs and aspirations through experience. However, along with young and older people, kids are also attracted towards branded products because of a complete change in the lifestyle. As per the current scenario, the purchasing power of women is increased which is a good sign for the luxury market(Bae Koo 2017). On the other hand, it is also ascertained that those who need to have consideration towards status but cannot afford true luxury products use loud counterfeits to satisfy the need for luxury products. Wealthy customer use luxury products are categorizing by occupation, personality, and cultural values. People have a perception that use of luxury products gives a symbol that customers are more likely to focus on valuable experience(Taylor, Costello Ko 2016). Apart from this, women also invest more on expensive food which greatly depicts their habits. Here, it can be argued that previous literature shows all such reasons for which customer prefer to use luxury products; however, no such studies have been yet prepared which demonstrates demographic variables(Lado et al. 2016). From several studies, it has been observed that branded products motivate the customers more towards huge spending on apparels, footwear, and other luxury items. Occupation also has a direct relationship with the use of luxury brands as that only determine reasons for which people spend in luxury items(Roux, Tafani Vigneron 2017). According to several researchers, gender is one of the most populous forms of segmentation that is being used by marketers especially at the time of bringing any new product to the market place. In the realm of consumer behavior, it is very much difficult to analyze if men are more conscious about luxury life. Men and women both are impulsive in living luxury life; therefore considering this aspect, marketers are investing more in luxury items(Amatulli et al. 2017). There are ample of reasons for which people like luxury life and all such reasons not only change their mindset; but also help them to promote the products to other customers. Other study here supports that categories of products define who is more (men or women) consistent in managing luxury life(Bae Koo 2017). Therefore an example can be quoted here. As compared to women, men feel the need of luxury cars and accessories, and this drives them to purchase such products respectively. To contradict the above discussion, it can be said that that there is no such significant difference between men and women in respect of affection for luxury products. Hence, considering this aspect marketers do not focus on any specific gender as they know that both are more inclined towards status consumption(Lado et al. 2016). Therefore, on the basis of entire discussion, it is evident that there exists direct relationship between luxury product categories and gender. References Amatulli, C, Costabile, M, De Angelis, M Guido, G 2017, Introduction: Sustainability in Luxury Branding. In Sustainable Luxury Brands , Palgrave Macmillan UK, London. Armitage, RJ Sekhon, Y 2017, Luxury Products and Services and the Sustainable Value Chain: Six Management Lessons from Gucci. In Sustainable Management of Luxury , Springer Singapore, Singapore. Bae, J Koo, DM 2017, 'THE EFFECT OF GENDER DIFFERENCE ON LUXURY CONSUMPTION', In 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference at Vienna, pp. 289-289. 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